The emergence of the internet ,and digital technology has far-reaching its initial
features. Zuboff (1988), for example, noted that autonomous calculation, and forecast through
computer-mediated exchanges might become plausibly widespread in upcoming future. In 1990s
Indonesia, although text messaging was quite popular, butthe internet was not a dominant
platform for cultural, political, and social intercourse yet. Conventional media, namely
television, newspaper, and radio were the primaryaccount of public affairs.